Property of System in Thermodynamics

                                          Categories of Properties


1.Extensive property:
whose value depends on the size or extent of the system
(upper case letters as the symbols).
eg: Volume, Mass (V,M).
If mass is increased, the value of extensive property also
increases.

2.Intensive property:
whose value is independent of the size or extent of the
system.
eg: pressure, temperature (p, T).





3.Specific property:
It is the value of an extensive property per unit mass of
system. (lower case letters as symbols) eg: specific volume,
density (v, ρ).
It is a special case of an intensive property.
Most widely referred properties in thermodynamics:
Pressure; Volume; Temperature; Entropy; Enthalpy; Internal
energy.




**State:
It is the condition of a system as defined by the values of all its
properties.
It gives a complete description of the system.
Any operation in which one or more properties of a system
change is called a change of state.

**Phase:
It is a quantity of mass that is homogeneous throughout in
chemical composition and physical structure.
e.g. solid, liquid, vapour, gas.
Phase consisting of more than one phase is known as
heterogenous system .



 

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BASIC THERMODYNAMICS

THERMODYNAMICS:

1. It is the science of the relations between heat,
Work and the properties of the systems.

2. How to adopt these interactions to our benefit?
Thermodynamics enables us to answer this
question.




                                 Definitions

* In our study of thermodynamics, we will choose a small part of
the universe to which we will apply the laws of thermodynamics.We call this subset a SYSTEM. 

* The thermodynamic system is analogous to the free body
diagram to which we apply the laws of mechanics, (i.e.
Newton’s Laws of Motion). 

* The system is a macroscopically identifiable collection of matter
on which we focus our attention (eg: the water kettle or the
aircraft engine).

*  The rest of the universe outside the system close enough
to the system to have some perceptible effect on the
system is called the surroundings.
 
*   The surfaces which separates the system from the
surroundings are called the boundaries as shown in fig
below (eg: walls of the kettle, the housing of the engine).

system & surroundings:

                                             *Type of system*

1.Closed system-
 in which no mass is permitted to cross the
system boundary i.e. we would always consider a system
of constant mass.We do permit heat and work to enter or
leave but not mass.
2.Open System-
in which we permit mass to cross the system
boundary in either direction (from the system to surroundings
or vice versa). In analysing open systems, we typically look at
a specified region of space, and observe what happens at the
boundaries of that region.
Most of the engineering devices are open system.

3.Isolated System-
in which there is no interaction between
system and the surroundings. It is of fixed mass and
energy, and hence there is no mass and energy transfer
across the system boundary.



 

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HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

What  is Heat Transfer? 

Energy in transit due to temperature difference.”
Thermodynamics tells us:
§  How much heat is transferred (dQ)
§  How much work is done (dW)
§  Final state of the system

Heat transfer tells us:
§  How (with what modes) dQ is transferred
§  At what rate dQ is transferred
§  Temperature distribution inside the body
Heat transfer
complementary
Thermodynamics
 




 

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INSTALL MAC OS IN YOUR PC (INTEL PROCESSOR)

Looking for Snow Leopard? Here is another New and easy Guide: Install Snow Leopard on PCor Install Snow Leopard on VMWare

Before you Begin

There are Several Flavours of OSX86 Project available. Few of the popular ones are:
iPC, iATKOS, Kalyway, iDeneb etc.

None of these is perfect, but as time passes, they approach perfection.
iPC is the most advanced you can get, keeping into consideration that it supports largest database of hardware, followed by Kalyway, iDeneb and others. Most Important thing you should check for is your Hardware compatibility List (HCL) on OSX86 wiki.

If you have any doubts, you can get them cleared .

Steps to install:

1. Download OSx86 10.5.x

Go to your favorite torrent site and Download 10.5.x of your favorite flavor among the listed ones. Latest version is 10.5.7. Though 10.5.6 is also a fair deal. Burn the downloaded “.ISO” file to DVD using PowerISO / MagicISO or any other burning software.

2. Create Partition, preparing Disk:

In windows 7 or vista, Right click My computer > Manage, click Disk Management. Here create a primary partition with minimum 8GB space, though recommended is 15GB. There is no need to format this partition. After Partition is created, right click > Mark Partition as Active.

Burn the OSX86 ISO that you downloaded from torrents on to a DVD and reboot with Boot from DVD. Now you should see Darwin load screen.

3. Booting and starting Installation

As countdown from 10 starts, press F8 key and you will be able to have some more option’s. Now type -v and press enter now entered in VERBOSE mode, this will enable you to see any errors if they occur. In case your screen freezes for more than 10 minutes than note last lines and google them to find out a solution for your problem. If every thing goes fine after 15-30 minutes installation screen appear’s hold your breath we are not quit yet here.

Alternatively, to skip the booting errors, you can try these parameters on Boot: prompt

-cpus=1, -cpus=2.

4. Configuring Installation

After boot, you enter the Graphical interface and you should be able to see a top menu. From the menu Click Utilities > Disk Utility.

Here, select the destination drive where you want to install Mac OSX. this will be the same partition we created earlier in step 1.

Now click on ERASE on right hand side and under the format option select “MAC OSX Journaled Extended” and click Erase. The disk will be erased and mounted. Close the disk utility and agree to the terms and conditions, then select the partition which you erased recently.

5. Customize the Install

The most important part is this step. Now, choose wisely what all components you need to support your running hardware. Browse at http://wiki.osx86project.org/wiki/index.php/Main_Page Navigate to the HARDWARE section and choose your version(10.5.x) and computer type (Portable/Desktop). This page should give sample hardware examples that people have tested, and modules they have selected.

If you have doubts, you can check the Insanelymac.com forums.

For most of the INTEL based systems Vanilla Kernel works very smoothly & for AMD system try Voodoo kernel. It is recommended to remove all the extra unnecessary languages as they take up about 2 gigs. Also, dont add extra Drivers (.KEXTS) which might cause conflicts. e.g. if You have NVIDIA geforce on your laptop, you should select NVDarwin from the “Graphics” section, not all.

Hit Ok when you are convinced!

6. Checking the disk and Installation of System files

Now your disk(DVD) will be checked for consistency, then, installation begins. It will take 20-45 minutes as per your hardware juice. After the installation is over, it will ask for a reboot. Remove the DVD after it has rebooted.

You should be able to automatically boot into OS X at this time.

7. Setting up the Boot Loader

Now that OS X is all working, we have to make the previous installation of Windows 7 or Vista to work. for this, I`ll use the Windows boot loader rather than chameleon boot loader built-in to OS X. This helps you prevent re-fixing MAC OS installation when you re-install windows at some time in future.

Put in your windows 7 or Vista disk, and boot from it. When installation starts, it prompts for “Recovery”. Select the recovery option. On you will be prompted to choose tools available for recovery. Select “command-line”.

DISKPART> list disk // displays the available HDD
DISKPART> select disk n // select the disk which has windows installation
DISKPART> list partition // list partitions on the selected disk
DISKPART> select partition n // select the partition number where windows was previously installed.
DISKPART> active //sets partition active
DISKPART> exit

REBOOT.

Now your vista /windows 7 should boot, If it doesn’t try this:

Boot with installation disk into windows setup, choose recovery again, and select automated recovery of boot area. Windows should fix the boot automatically, then click Fix and reboot button.

8. Adding MAC to the Boot menu via Windows:

Boot into windows normally and download EasyBCD from google. Open it, click “Add/Remove entries” navigate to “Mac”. Select Type in the dropdown to “Generic x86 Pc” and give some name in the text box below. This name will appear in your boot screen. Click “SAVE” when done and REBOOT.

9. There is no Step 9. You should be able to boot into booth MAC OSX Leopard and Windows without any issues.

Enjoy the wonderful world of MAC!

You can download mac os leopard through:-

                                                                   DOWNLOAD NOW

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